| Style sheet is a progressive breakthrough for the | | | | two heading. It has a lower level of importance than |
| advancement of web. Today, more and more | | | | h1 headings, but a higher level of importance than h3 |
| browsers are implementing style sheets, opening | | | | headings. This aspect of the h2 element is structural |
| authors' eyes to unique features that allow influence | | | | .Customarily, headings are rendered in decreasing |
| over presentation while preserving platform | | | | order of size, with h1 as the largest, because larger |
| independence. The advantages of style sheets have | | | | headings are usually interpreted to have greater |
| become - apparent -- and the disadvantage of | | | | importance than smaller ones. Headings are also |
| continually creating more HTML tags -- galore -- for | | | | typically rendered in a bold font in order to give them |
| presentation effects with the gradual development | | | | additional emphasis. The h2 element may be rendered |
| of CSS.Let's understand CSS in the right | | | | in bold face, and in a font larger than h3 but smaller |
| perspective.Style sheets in retrospectStyle sheets | | | | than h1 . This aspect of the h2 element is |
| have been around in one form or another since the | | | | presentational .Prior to CSS, document authors who |
| beginnings of HTML in the early 1990s .As the HTML | | | | wanted to assign a specific color, font, size, or other |
| language grew, however, it came to encompass a | | | | characteristic to all h2 headings had to use the HTML |
| wider variety of stylistic capabilities to meet the | | | | font element for each occurrence of that heading |
| demands of web developers . With such capabilities, | | | | type.Moreover, CSS can be used with XML, to allow |
| style sheets became less important, and an external | | | | such structured documents to be rendered with full |
| language for the purposes of defining style attributes | | | | stylistic control over layout, typography, color, and so |
| was not widely accepted until the development of | | | | forth in any suitable user agent or web browser.CSS |
| CSS.Teething problems with implementation of | | | | has its share of inconsistencies as wellCSS may at |
| CSSMany implementations of CSS are fraught with | | | | times be misused, particularly by the author of web |
| inconsistencies, bugs and other quirks . Authors have | | | | documents. Some developers who are accustomed |
| commonly had to use hacks and workarounds in | | | | to designing documents strictly in HTML may |
| order to obtain consistent results across web | | | | overlook or ignore the enabling features of CSS. For |
| browsers and platforms .One of the most well-known | | | | instance, a document author who is comfortable with |
| CSS bugs is the Internet Explorer box model bug; | | | | HTML markup that mixes presentation with structure |
| box widths are interpreted incorrectly in several | | | | may opt to use strictly embedded CSS styles in all |
| versions of the browser, resulting in blocks which | | | | documents. While this may be an improvement over |
| appear as expected in most browsers, but are too | | | | using deprecated HTML presentational markup, it |
| narrow when viewed in Internet Explorer. The bug | | | | suffers from some of the same problems that |
| can be avoided, but not without some cost in terms | | | | mixed-markup HTML does; specifically, it entails a |
| of functionality.This is just one of hundreds of CSS | | | | similar amount of document |
| bugs that have been documented in various versions | | | | maintenance.Discrepancies compared: CSS vs |
| of Internet Explorer, Netscape, Mozilla, and Opera | | | | programming languagesCSS also shares some pitfalls |
| many of which reduce the legibility of documents. | | | | common with programming languages. In particular, |
| The proliferation of such bugs in CSS implementations | | | | the problem of choosing appropriate names for CSS |
| has made it difficult for designers to achieve a | | | | classes and identifiers may afflict CSS authors. In the |
| consistent appearance across platforms.Currently | | | | attempt to choose descriptive names for CSS |
| there is strong competition between Mozilla's Gecko | | | | classes, authors might associate the class name with |
| layout engine, Opera's Presto layout engine , and the | | | | desired presentational attributes; for example, a CSS |
| KHTML engine used in both Apple's Safari and the | | | | class to be applied to emphasized text might be |
| Linux Konqueror browsers - each of them is leading in | | | | named "bigred," implying that it is rendered in a large |
| different aspects of CSS. Internet Explorer remains | | | | red font.While such a choice of naming may be |
| the worst at rendering CSS by standards set down | | | | intuitive to the document author, it can cause |
| by World Wide Web Consortium as of 2005 .Some | | | | problems if the author later decides that the |
| breakthroughs ...These problems have preisely led the | | | | emphasized text should instead be green; the author |
| W3C to revise the CSS2 standard into CSS2.1, which | | | | is left with a CSS class called "bigred" that describes |
| may be regarded as something of a working | | | | something that is green. In this instance, a more |
| snapshot of current CSS support. CSS2 properties | | | | appropriate class name might have been |
| which no browser had successfully implemented were | | | | "emphasized," to better describe the purpose or |
| dropped, and in a few cases, defined behaviours | | | | intent of the class, rather than the appearance of |
| were changed to bring the standard into line with the | | | | elements of that class.In a programming language, |
| predominant existing implementations..What makes | | | | such a misuse might be analogous to using a variable |
| style sheets significant enough?et representsStyle | | | | name "five" for a variable which contains the value 5; |
| she an enormous step forward for the Web. With | | | | however, if the value of the variable changes to 7, |
| the separation of content and presentation between | | | | the name is no longer appropriate.CSS in a |
| HTML and style sheets, the Web no longer needs to | | | | nutshellCSS is used by both the authors and readers |
| drift away from the strong ideal of platform | | | | of web pages to define colors, fonts, layout and |
| independence that provided the medium with its initial | | | | other aspects of document presentation. It is |
| push of popularity. Authors can finally influence the | | | | designed primarily to enable the separation of |
| presentation of documents without leaving pages | | | | document structure (written in HTML or a similar |
| unreadable to usersA style sheet is made up of style | | | | markup language) from document presentation |
| rules that tell a browser how to present a document. | | | | (written in CSS).This separation provides a number of |
| There are various ways of linking these style rules to | | | | benefits, including improved content accessibility, |
| your HTML documents, but the simplest method for | | | | greater flexibility and control in the specification of |
| starting out is to use HTML's STYLE element. This | | | | presentational characteristics, and reduced complexity |
| element is placed in the document HEAD, and it | | | | of the structural content. CSS is also capable of |
| contains the style rules for the page.Functionality and | | | | controlling the document's style separately in |
| Usage of CSSCSS is well-designed to allow the | | | | alternative rendering methods, such as on-screen in |
| separation of presentation and structure. Prior to | | | | print, by voice (when read out by a speech-based |
| CSS, nearly all of the presentational attributes of an | | | | browser or screen reader) and on braille-based, tactile |
| HTML document were contained within the HTML | | | | devices.CSS allows complete and total control over |
| code; all font colors, background styles, element | | | | the style of a hypertext document. The only way |
| alignments, borders and sizes had to be explicitly | | | | this can be illustrated in a way that gets people |
| described, often repeatedly, in the midst of the | | | | excited is by demonstrating what it can truly be, |
| HTML code.CSS allows authors to move much of | | | | once the reins are placed in the hands of those able |
| that information to a stylesheet, resulting in | | | | to create beauty from structure.Deepak Sharma is a |
| considerably simpler HTML code. The HTML | | | | Web Designer at at BlueApple, a Web Design and |
| documents become much smaller and web browsers | | | | Development Company with a well connected |
| will usually cache sites' CSS stylesheets. This leads to | | | | development infrastructure in India having a strong |
| a reduction in network traffic and noticeably quicker | | | | portfolio offering superior web services and solutions |
| page downloads.For example, the HTML element h2 | | | | at competitive costs. |
| specifies that the text contained within it is a level | | | | |